Archive for the ‘Uncategorized’ Category

American Idioms: kiss and say goodbye

Today, we talk about the idiom in which key words are the kiss. Kiss can be interpreted as kissing. According to Western custom of kissing can express intimate love feelings, may also indicate a friendly tribute. However, when the kiss of the word, and other vocabulary phrase, it means from the change. For example, we need to learn idioms: kiss something goodbye. Kiss something goodbye from the literal to understand is the “kiss of something.” We know that kissing someone is a common courtesy, especially in the upcoming long-awaited moment, then “kiss something” mean? Let hear an example to pondering its meaning.
listen -1: When, Joe heard the one night his best friend had died of lung cancer, he difference in the bill his own cigarette habit goodbye the very next morning. And, you know, he never smoked another cigarette since.
He said: One night Joe heard his best friend died of lung cancer. He next morning to abstain from the habit of smoking, but she never touched a cigarette.
the biggest dangers of smoking can cause lung cancer, the death of friends and friends to promote Joe determined to quit, and from a not smoke. Seen Joe is completely renounce smoking. So here the difference in the bill that his own cigarette habit goodbye meaning is “renounce smoking.” Kiss something good bye to often with the meaning of never give up something. Joe did and never taking one cigarette, but we are going to say Mr. Tan is not as good as Joe, as a firm. Let listen to Mr. Tan to quit smoking:
listen -2: Mr. Tan is a very organized, practical kind of guy – except when it comes to taking care of his own health. Somehow he just can not manage to kiss cigarettes goodbye.
He said: Mr. Tan is a methodical, speaking of the actual people, just in the health of the trail was uncharacteristically. Do not know how he is always unable to quit completely.
here kiss cigarettes goodbye meaning to abstain from cigarettes.
to learn a habit of terms: kiss off. Kiss off when the term can also be a verb. We first listen to it as a noun. This is an old New York warned early guests arrived, and how to cope with the swarms of beggars of the streets of New York. We l hear he advised him responsive, or ignored.
listen -3: When they ask for money, better just give them the kiss-off. Otherwise you l run out of money in a hurry. Most of these guys are professional beggars – too the lazy to work.
his advice is: a beggar asked you for money when it is best ignored, otherwise you have the money soon spent. These people are mostly occupational beggars; they are too lazy to work begging.
I wonder if you have not noticed he says here is: to give them the kiss-off, so the kiss-off when a noun. Conjunction symbolic connection between the kiss and off. The term kiss-off mean to deny or ignore. Just said kiss off as a verb. For example, in the following example. This passage is a professor teaching overseas and finally the roots went back to the native lands.
Let us first-come familiar with the expression of the law. In the American university system, professors can get to lifelong coaching job. This post is called: tenured teaching position. To obtain a university tenured teaching position and will not be easy, and often have to stand out in the fierce competition with their peers. Well, we listen to these words.
listen -4: the Secretly Prof. Lee, longed to the tenured teaching position he held to kiss off. So he left in a hurry when he got an offer from the new university in his own native country.
He said: Professor Lee University professor tenure, but one to own a new university to provide the opportunity to get out of the original post.
him to give up valuable tenure to the expense, see that he went to Italy has been set. So kiss off the means to give up, leave.

. corrTxt_01 {border-top: 1px dashed # C8D8F2; width: 95%; margin: 8px auto 2px auto; font-size: 14px;}
. corrTxt_01 h3 {font-weight: bold; padding: 5px 0 0 3px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0;}
. corrTxt_01 ul {padding: 0 0 20px 18px;}
< br />. corrTxt_01 ul li {font-size: 14px; line-height: 164.28%;}
. corrTxt_01 a {color: # 009; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px ;}
. corrTxt_01 a: visited {color: # 800080; text-decoration: none;}
. corrTxt_01 a: hover {color: # c00; text-decoration : underline;}
. corrTxt_01 a: active {color: # c00; text-decoration: underline;}
reports: Fang fire refers to the Qingdao Municipal Party Committee Secretary In the United States experienced fraud 2011-12-05 08:38:26
Hubei Zhao the United States and the United States “on Mercedes-Benz to visit the casino collapse LV show off their wealth, USA (Figure) 2011-12-05 08:34:44
Chinese students traveling by car called the U.S. to understand the lives of real U.S. 2011-12-04 17:02:33
American student attitudes “ant” 2011-12-04 16:07:38

Copper indium selenide / copper indium gallium selenide (CIS / CIGS) solar cells

September 3, 2010
CIGS (Copper of Indium Gallium Diselenide CIGS thin) thin film solar cells at an early stage of the three elements of copper, indium, selenium, mainly the formation of copper indium selenide solar cells (of CuInSe2, CIS), the follow-up before adding gallium or sulfur and made a better conversion efficiency copper indium gallium selenide (CuInGaSe2 CIGS) solar cells, laboratory efficiency up to 20.1% (United States centh the company announced), and a large area module efficiency of up to 13%. CIGS solar cells is limited deposits of indium coupled with sulfide toxicity of selenium and cadmium with the four materials is not easy to precise control, making the failure to mass production of CIGS solar cells. In structure, the structure of CIGS solar cells and other thin film solar cells, the biggest difference lies on the glass substrate is at the bottom, not in by the smooth, as shown in Figure 3.
In recent years, the U.S. photovoltaic program “Thin Film Partnership Program”, such as Japan and the EU project to promote a lot of universities, research institutes and companies focused on copper indium selenide thin-film battery materials, components, products and the development of industrial technology cooperation, at the same time improve the efficiency of the battery, further reducing the cost of the product of such batteries, a small area of ??cells in the next few years, the efficiency of the commercial component products, respectively 23% and 15% of the target cost less than $ 50 per square meter, in order to achieve its cost performance with conventional energy sources to compete.
In recent years, the CIGS thin film solar market demand rapid development. Large area thin film deposition technology, equipment, process quality control, the emergence of new low-cost preparation technology breakthroughs in key technologies of the efficiency of large-area battery components, components, products, and spray printing, electrodeposition, many companies have expanded the production scale , and the emergence of a number of emerging companies. German Wurth company investment of 50 million euros in 2007 built 15MWp copper indium selenide thin film battery production line, its no cadmium buffer layer In2S3 using atomic layer deposition (ALD) of the “dry” vacuum preparation process; 2008 Japan of Showa the Shell and Germany, the CIS Solartechnik The company built 20MWp production line. Honda is about to the built 27.5MWp production line, component efficiency is about 12%; Germany Johanna company has invested 72 million euros to build a 30MWp production line, and planning in the scale of production in 2009 increased to 60MWp; U.S. Nanosolar has raised $ 100 million capital the construction of the production line of copper indium selenium absorption layer thin-film deposition technology using spray printing process, and plans to scale of production gradually increased to 430MWp.
Therefore, from copper indium gallium selenide cells technical problems, as well as science and technology development process of the current international development of copper indium gallium selenide thin-film battery in addition to further improve the conversion efficiency of single cells, is expected to exceed 20% , the industrialization of the most important, first, to develop new industrial large-area deposition of copper indium gallium selenide thin-film deposition system; is manufactured in accordance with the commercialization of components, that is, the development of large-scale production technology and copper indium selenide cells goods components of industrial technology.

Industry Analysis of global thin film solar cells

July 29, 2011
environment and energy issues have been hot issues of international concern, humans have become a very urgent need for sustainable energy, the Chinese government in the 12th Five Year Plan ” The new energy put forward specific development goals. In the field of new energy, solar photovoltaic power generation to occupy an important position.
photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly, the application of photovoltaic products diversity, these provide opportunities for the development of thin film solar cells, thin film solar cells is still facing a big challenge: For some compounds, materials, physical The lack of full understanding of scientific issues, technology needs to be innovation and improvement, and also require new materials and new structure to replace the expensive materials and toxic materials, especially compound thin film batteries, the key to precision equipment and technology integration needs further research and development.
film solar cell production set a new record
solar photovoltaic technology is developing rapidly in recent years, the annual growth rate of output of the world photovoltaic cells and modules in the past 10 years is greater than 35%. According to Solarbuzz annual PV market report, in 2010, the global PV market installed capacity reached 18.2GW, an increase of 139 percent more than in 2009. See from the output value of the photovoltaic industry global revenues in 2010 reached $ 82 billion, an increase of 105% compared with 2009. 2010 world top five largest PV market countries as Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Japan and the United States, these five countries accounted for 80% of global installed capacity of PV market growth in Japan and the United States soon, an increase of respectively 101 % and 96%.
Overall, in 2010 the world more than 100 countries contributed to the rapid growth of the photovoltaic industry. In addition, from the output of the 2010 global solar cell production reached 20.5GW cell production in the Chinese mainland and Taiwan accounted for 59% of global output. Shipments from the manufacturer, Suntech Power and JA Solar tied for first, followed by the U.S. First Solar. Thin film solar cells accounted for 13.5 percent of the global solar cell production, which is also a new record of the PV market thin-film cell production.
in the photovoltaic market, the product type of thin film solar cells are mainly CdTe thin film cells, silicon thin film battery and CIGS thin film batteries. These thin film solar cells based on the substrate material can be divided into rigid (glass substrate) batteries and flexible (stainless steel or polyester film substrate) batteries. The advantage of the flexible battery is foldable, light weight, non-friable. Compared to conventional crystalline silicon solar cells, thin film batteries that very little information, the material thickness of thin film solar cells constitute not more than 5 microns, while the thickness of the crystalline silicon solar cells is about 180 microns to 200 microns. A variety of materials, thin film solar cell with its unique advantages and mature technology took possession of the place of the PV market, and grow very fast. Techniques, materials and the biggest bottleneck in large-scale production
thin film solar cells because of the low-cost substrate materials (such as glass, stainless steel, polyester film), a flexible material band gap can be regulated, the component temperature coefficient and low popular attention, and gradually expand the scale in the photovoltaic market has accounted for more than 13% market share in 2010. A variety of thin film batteries have some bottleneck issues remain unresolved.
silicon thin film solar cells, whether single-junction, double junction or three-junction solar cell manufacturing processes using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), vacuum chamber cleaning basic is fluorine compounds (SF6 or NF3,), the effluent fluoride gas. Dutch scientist Rob van der Meulen, 2011 19 Progress in photovoltaics: Research and Applications, published an article that this fluorine-containing gases on the environment caused by the greenhouse effect is 17 200 to 22 800 times higher than that of CO2. Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been considered to be green electricity, green technology should be used in the manufacturing sector. For silicon thin film battery manufacturers, to find a new cleaning gas to replace the current fluoride program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Another solution is to improve cell conversion efficiency, stability, efficiency 12% to 16%, and only may compensate for the emissions of the greenhouse gas impact on the environment. In addition, due to the low efficiency of silicon thin-film modules (from 5% to 7%), the unit power generation covers an area of ??PV systems applications is almost crystalline silicon components (efficiency of 13% to 15%) 2 times, and accordingly, BOS costs will also increase, and be seen to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of silicon-based thin-film modules is an important condition to win the market.
In recent years, more people started to pay attention CIGS thin film solar cell mass production success stories is the SolarFrontier (formerly of Showa Shell), technology and equipment is self-developed. The technical route of its CIGS thin film sputtering plus selenium treatment, the core is after selenium treatment. Selenium in the process of using toxic gas, the selenide equipment design is very important, professional selenide equipment suppliers on the market. In addition evaporation technology to prepare CIGS thin film problems encountered is how to do the film uniformity and reliability of large area, including the film microstructure, optical, electrical and thickness uniformity and reliability. In addition to the above-mentioned technical problems, one of the raw materials In also the focus of discussion. In precious metals, and material abundance on Earth is small, and may limit the mass production of such batteries. This is the development of new materials of high demand. PV-tech.com website in May 2011 reported that scientists in Switzerland prepared on flexible plastic substrates, 18.7% conversion efficiency of CIGS cells, the main advantages of the flexible battery can be used volume volume process to reduce manufacturing costs. The upper figure shows the schematic diagram of the Global Solar products. The main obstacle in the road of industrialization on the flexible battery film prepared at low temperatures and excellent performance.
U.S. First Solar CdTe thin film battery technology tight blockade, and other enterprises wishing to enter the field of Chinese thin-film battery business in the field of silicon thin film, there are difficulties in the production process some companies began to enter the field of CIGS and CdTe thin-film batteries. These businesses are more common approach is the key equipment and raw materials imported from abroad, due to the lack of core technology, the problems encountered by the compatibility of the entire production line equipment is not ideal, equipment and technology integration is not high, resulting in product yield low, the cost is difficult to decrease the market competitiveness.
three types of thin film batteries go hand in hand the strengths and weaknesses
ordinary crystalline silicon solar cells, photoelectric conversion efficiency of about 16% to 18%, the highest laboratory efficiency is 25% (area of ??4cm2) . Double junction silicon thin film solar cell laboratory at maximum efficiency of 11.9% (1.227cm2), product efficiency from 8% to 9%; with the highest laboratory efficiency of CIGS thin batteries and CdTe solar cells were 20.1% (area 0.503mm2) and 16.7% (area 1.032cm2), these two compounds battery efficiency 7% to 11% and 8% to 11%.
We know that the solar cell in the application must be packaged as components. Package of crystalline silicon cells into PV modules due to the packaging materials (such as glass, EVA, etc.) limit, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of optical loss and electrical loss components also reduced by about 3 percentage points. Thin film batteries because of its high integration of the process to the component from the battery is almost synchronous completion, conversion efficiency is almost no loss. Visible, high-quality thin film PV modules can achieve the performance of crystalline silicon PV modules. 30% of the total cost of crystalline silicon solar cells, silicon materials 50%, the cost of the battery is severely limited the quality and quantity of materials in the industrial chain. Compared to in terms of thin-film batteries due to the use of raw materials, the process is highly integrated, low cost, flexible, bendable and features a unique space for development.
silicon thin film solar cells
commercialization of the silicon thin film solar cell with a single knot, double knot and three-junction structure, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5% to 6%, respectively, 6% to 8%, 7% to 10%, the main production unit of United Solar, the System companies in the United States, the European VHF-technologies company, Kaneka, Japan, Sharp, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, China Tianwei film, the new new energy in Austria, Pollock, Nantong Johnson, Changzhou Chang sources, Quanzhou, Golden Sun, Shenzhen Tuo day, able to Tianjin, Zhejiang Chint, Hefei Rongshida.
silicon thin film battery preparation process is chemical vapor deposition technique, is divided into radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, hot filament chemical vapor deposition, catalytic hot filament plasma chemical vapor deposition, microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, pulsed plasma chemical vapor deposition of a variety of battery production process is divided into single-room multi-chip, multi-chamber single-and continuous roll to roll technology. Equipment supplier Oerlikon, Applied Material, Ulvac, Evatech, Leyhold optics, EPV, Energosolar, BudaSolar, Nano PV, China Solar North Miriam innovation, Pollock new energy Sibo gel technology. This means that the silicon-based thin film solar cells from the device to the technology is relatively mature. The development of silicon thin film battery problems encountered is how to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency to 15% under the premise of low-cost, this will be a strong market competitiveness
CIGS thin film solar cells

film class of solar cells, CIGS cells have the highest laboratory photoelectric conversion efficiency of 20.3% efficiency for single junction solar cell ZSW of Stuttgart, Germany, developed in 2010, this is a new world record for CIGS thin film batteries the industrial development of confidence. CIGS polycrystalline thin-film band gap of 1.06eV ~ 1.63eV within regulation, and the absorption coefficient, is the ideal solar cell materials. The substrate material of the type of battery can choose glass, stainless steel or polyester film are cheap materials. Commercialization of CIGS cells conversion efficiency of 7% to 11%, the Japan Solarfrontier largest CIGS cells in the current international manufacturers, production capacity of 900MW. Honda Motor Company, Germany, Wurth Solar, Shell Solar, Solarin such as the United States, Global Solar, Daystar Technologies, the Nanosolar, Miasole, China major the Shandong Vosges, Suzhou races.
CIGS thin film solar cell preparation process vacuum technology and vacuum technology, vacuum technology of sputtering and evaporation. For Se in the CIGS thin film prepared by the sputtering method needs treatment to improve the performance of the film. Non-vacuum technology can significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of the battery, but the performance and efficiency of the battery is low. CIGS PV products on the market is basically a vacuum process, which can guarantee a high conversion efficiency and stability. Unlike silicon-based thin-film batteries CIGS cells specialized equipment suppliers, and so far no case of successful mass production, which requires producers team with strong technology strength, as well as equipment development and integration capacity. Japan Solarfrontier equipment and processes are developed independently, equipment is not in the market. The other schools are basically the same. Chinese enterprises is the basic pay big bucks to buy foreign equipment, but the device does not mean technology means may not be able to successful production.
of CdTe thin film solar cells
in the field of photovoltaic cell manufacturing to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and reduce production costs is an eternal theme. With advanced manufacturing equipment, innovative materials, new device structures continue to emerge, the efficiency of the battery in the rapid increases in costs are also decreased rapidly. America First Solar (First Solar) has become the industry leader, the company in 2009 is the world largest solar cell manufacturers, the 2010 annual production reached 1.1GW. These batteries, absorbing layer of CdTe thin film performance is critical, its preparation method of close-spaced sublimation, electrodeposition, PVD, CVD, screen printing, sputtering, etc., large-scale production and application of mature technologies in recent space sublimation method. Of course, the industry has been questioned because of the battery with the key material for Te and Cd. Limited reserves of Te, Cd is highly toxic materials, both the formation of the compound CdTe is non-toxic. The manufacturers of these batteries, the U.S. First Solar, BPsolar, EPIR Tecieshnolog, Germany Antech Company Siemens, Japan matsushita battery, Apollo, Sichuan, China, Hangzhou, advanced solar companies. Manufacturing technology is mainly concentrated in the United States and Germany, no professional equipment suppliers in the market, limiting the mass production of its global range. Visible if there is no self-developed core technology, a short period of time is difficult to successfully scale production of CdTe thin film battery. However, we can learn from the course of development of the first solar company in the United States to something.
the first U.S. solar energy company founded in 1987, the initial production of amorphous silicon thin film battery, 1990, transferred to CdTe solar cells, a 120cm x 60cm PV modules manufactured in 1992. subsequent release of the establishment of a 10MW production line, the end of 2004, production capacity has reached 25MW. The first supply to the efficiency of the market component of 6.2% to 6.9%, with an area of ??approximately 0.72m2. Study of its development process is not difficult to find their products yield increased year by year, from 70% in 2003 to 90 percent in 2007, it is expected will be raised to 95% in 2015. The same time, as technology advances, each production line, production capacity increased to 60MW, the efficiency to 11%, reduce the cost to about $ 0.7 / W Is expected by 2013 annual production capacity will reach 69MW/line of CdTe film thickness decreases to 1.8 microns, efficiency reaches 11.7%, manufacturing costs dropped to $ 0.66 / W, the amount of rare elements Te decreased from 260 tons in 2007 / GW 120 tons / GW. In Europe in May 2011 photovoltaic exhibition, First Solar announced the establishment of new factories in Germany, its capacity to achieve the milestone of 4GW.

[] Mass production of printed CIGS solar cells

November 25, 2011
see Nanosolar technology breakthrough point and sales strategy
PN junction silicon-based solar energy from the production printed CIGS solar cells technology from discovery to date has over 50 years, has never been able to replace conventional power generation systems, mainly in the power generation of its high cost, now tight oil supply, fewer reserves, causing oil prices a barrel more than 100 U.S. dollars, other generating raw materials soaring As of 2007, to January 1999 as the base oil and natural gas rose five-fold up 3 times, uranium, coal up two times, coupled with continued severe greenhouse effect, showing that the energy of the fault point has come, the next re-adjustment and balanced, it will completely change your lifestyle, new types of energy generation technology which began gradually replacing the traditional power generation technologies. The efficiency of solar cell technology and mature production technology, power generation costs by $ 80 per watt to $ 3 per watt, is still 10 times that of traditional thermal power, how to break this threshold will be the goal of current efforts. Traditional manufacturing methods, from polysilicon to ingots and cut into wafer silicon above about 60% are wasted in the production process, thin film solar cells because of one percent of the thickness of only the traditional silicon-based battery many manufacturers as an alternative to reduce costs; Today, the company claims the preparation of solar cells as printed newspapers, the per watt cost of less than $ 1, and pushed to the extreme after the conversion efficiency even in the future. power generation cost is only $ 0.3 per watt, the popularity of the lack of finishing touches, it seems that the upcoming.
Nanosolar, the company fortune
Nanosolar, located in San Jose (San Jose) Edenvale Technology Park (of Edenvale Technology Park), five years ago, Google founders, eBay and $ 20 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, and all care and blessings be set up under the company, we can not help wondering why this company will be favored? technology in the end they mentioned the possibility of true, or financing funding alternative practices – Admiral semiconductor coating metal substrate using printing technology, mass production of thin film solar cells; Today, the company last month began shipments of solar panels and has launched a formal sales, which is the world first printed is made of thin film solar cells, but also the world first solar panels at the lowest price. Nanosolar, SunPower of San Jose (relatively the same in last year stock price growth of 247%) is fairly small company, its headquarters includes laboratories, offices and manufacturing of three departments, only 200 employees, this year will add another 100 it an annual capacity of about 100 megawatts in 2008, continued to grow to 250 megawatts in 2009, the production line will be loaded with 430 megawatts; next year the company will build a second factory, located in Berlin, Germany, South Luken Wade ( Luckenwalde), and to create a one million watts of solar farms (solar farm) used to provide electricity in the region as a whole, for each megawatt will be able to produce 750 hours of electricity.

Figure 1,
Nanosolar, the Nanosolar headquarters located in San Jose, 140,000 square feet main target market is the power plant, a new generation the power generation, power plants located in the outskirts of open space, in particular, to the desert or other less suitable for nearby towns of living and sunny place, set up large-scale solar panels to produce a sufficient supply of electricity required, in addition this concept, without regard to building codes, set the time without the roof, usually this kind of product is not going to care about the conversion efficiency, but hope to reduce the manufacturing cost is different from the rooftop solar panels, , very popular in Europe and Asia; is less common in the United States, California, their goal is still on the construction of one million solar power roof, in order to this vast market, Nanosolar to maximize its production capacity, more active on improving the conversion efficiency of the battery.

Figure II, Nanosolar, the flexible solar cell
scroll (roll to roll), the development of CIGS solar cells
Nanosolar, the absorption layer of solar cells without silicon but another multiple semiconductor compound, without vacuum deposition but to use the scroll (roll toroll) printing and efficient continuous production, so each watt of power generation cost less than $ 1. Semiconductor compound they use for CIGS thin (Copper, of Indium, Gallium, andSelenium, copper indium gallium selenide), this material long-term efficiency in the sunlight will not reduce; the University of Maine in the research of this type of battery in 1977, because the key raw materials, indium and selenium sulfide buffer layer of chromium sulfide potential poison, only a small part in the development of such products, but the characteristics of the material has high absorption coefficient (α> 105 cm -1), the absorption layer thickness can be thinner, thanks to the the polysilicon lack the efficiency of materials and other thin-film battery is still unable to break 12%, thanks to everyone of all ages in the past two years, a lot of manpower and material resources, rapid technological growth, Laboratory of CIGS solar cells, photoelectric conversion efficiency up to about 19% of the module in terms of the maximum can reach about 13%, investment vendors: Miasole, Globalsolar, the Nanosolar, marketing Solyndra, of Showa shell, SekiyuK.K, Honda, Avancis, Würthsolar etc. .
absorbing layer of CIGS solar cells, can take advantage of evaporation, sputtering, or preparation of nanopowders, different processes have their advantages and disadvantages and limitations, and affect the cell efficiency and cost. Evaporation, as the name suggests, the material is heated until evaporation, deposited on the substrate, which is very easy to practice, but the material utilization is low, and difficult to a large area, although the film quality is very good, but the deposition rate too slow, is still not suitable for mass production. Indium and gallium as a soft material, it is difficult to made nanopowders, even if obtained, is very unstable in the multiple semiconductor compound, it is difficult to accurately control the accuracy of its chemical dose, and expensive . Therefore, the use of physical vapor deposition (Physical VaporDeposition, PVD) or sputtering (SixGe1) vacuum process is currently the most common process: made of copper indium gallium diselenide or copper indium gallium target material directly through the plasma deposition on the substrate, the purity of the target becomes very important, but often the better the quality targets, the relative cost of the higher material costs accounted for a very high proportion of the entire thin film solar cells So how to reduce the cost of materials or manufacturing costs in order to lower prices, and only so in order to attract more business owners or homeowners willing to use solar panels to generate electricity. The Nanosolar avoid these problems, a direct challenge to the process of the lowest, Roll process in the atmosphere, copper indium gallium selenide nano-powder sprayed directly on the aluminum foil on top, made of flexible solar cells, its structure and traditional CIGS cells, but the cost has dropped to less than half of the conventional batteries.
the idea of ??the CIGS thin ink can be said that the soul of the entire product, through the dispersion of organic matter, uniform nanopowders of copper indium gallium selenide muddy together by the printing process, these powders speaking according to the correct atomic ratio of complete and uniform deposition on the substrate, it seems very easy, but the Nanosolar really do, they will this technology into production, not only reusable, can be a large area with high good rate, and the characteristics of this semiconductor film does not lose the thin film of vacuum process.

Figure three, Nanosolar, CIGS ink
printing technology to deposit a thin film is obviously the most simple, fast, and the largest output, but the relative cost compared to low process technology for the fast-growing solar market, it can be said is the most appropriate, however, just as the newspaper every day but the night before began printing equipment is cheap and easy maintenance, and do not need expensive vacuum equipment, ink directly deposited on the substrate, will not have any waste. Because of the use of flexible foil as a substrate, the conductivity is 20 times that of stainless steel, it is far better than glass, not only as a lower electrode, with the process of high output volume to the volume and increase the convenience of handling and storage , of course, roll to roll manufacturing process equipment costs are lower, but also a process suitable for large area, although a start on both sides of the wheel weight, speed is not fast, but to balance the steady state will pick up and become more uniform, reducing the marginal effect of the general vacuum coating film.

immediately change your password

November 2, 2011
important reminder: the system detects your account stolen there may be risks, please view the risk warning as soon as possible, and immediately change your password.
Netease blog safety reminder: the system detects your current password less secure, For your account security, we recommend you to timely change the password immediately amend close
foundry giant TSMC to open up the solar business as a new growth point of Beijing Hai Teng Shunda Electronic www.htsdic.com
2011-11-02 13:06:10Category: Default CategoryTags:font size medium and small subscription publisher: gossip IC
http://store.taobao.com/shop/view_shop.htm?mytmenu = mdianpu utkn The = g, wgy35kn2upgnvs5twtx3lz6×2m132020783 5 078 user_number_id = 725 714 407
of EnergyTrend, foundry giant Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company is to explore the solar business as a new growth point. Last week, in Taichung Science Park Solar Energy Technology R

TSMC to enter the top five target within five years of the solar market

September 20, 2010
foundry giant Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company is to develop the solar energy business as a new growth point. Last week, in Taichung Science Park Solar Energy Technology R

Tsai relying on hundreds of billions of dollars scored the thin-film solar [TSMC]

July 12, 2010
close to June end of the first anniversary of the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company new business organization, general manager Tsai took over the new business, TSMC is also declared to enter the first anniversary of the green energy industry .
this day, Tsai just attending the activities of the Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association in the afternoon immediately rushed to the secret Shanghai; this weekend, he will make a major decision, this decision not only affects the future of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company The green can be the cause of the layout, and also the relationship between the wafer planes next decade hundreds of billions of dollars of solar outcome of the war.
solve the plight of mass production of thin film batteries
the scorching sun, Tsai shuttles went to Shanghai, participants in addition to his outside, the solar supply chain system, Topco electricity, financial Cheng electricity, Ming different were represented. In addition, Tsai also got a group of old friends, like former TSMC vice president of Customer Service Department Wuzi Qian, vice president of the former Applied Materials, Zhang Boling, is this meeting the main players.
small an office in Shanghai gathered in Taiwan Semiconductor, the solar industry key players, they do not just chat and renew old friendships, they have to decide an important matter ─ ─ for TSMC into the new the field of thin film solar is looking for new weapons. Up to 10 billion investment plan, leader by Wu Zaiqian and Zhang Boling, very simple task, to invest in a specialized production of thin film solar equipment supplier.
TSMC cut into thin film solar is not news, and equipment to foreign purchases have, why do we spend a lot of money investment? Hear this secret meeting, for the the TSMC investments specializing in the production of thin film solar equipment supplier, the solar industry caught in Taiwan, said: “This is the TSMC to solve the thin-film batteries can not be mass production to find ways.”

TSMC research CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) thin-film battery, encountered in the actual production issues; CIGS process has three steps, namely, sputtering, laser machine, selenium furnace and other equipment.
quite different from the semiconductor manufacturing process, equivalent to a new technology, and semiconductor process technology is mature, industry procurement of equipment has been the accumulation of experience, know which part of the machine to what equipment to buy. The choices are not currently on the market can provide a CIGS thin film manufacturing process Turnkey Solution (whole plant equipment output); a foreign analyst or even a “disaster” to describe the existing of the Turnkey Solution, “the so-called full-time operation to 24 hour operation, the process can buy, but it is eight hours to be shut down and then boot, not a disaster what? “
industry purchase their own production equipment, different devices have different choices will affect the products the final yield of thin film batteries for equipment costs account for more than 70% of the cost of production, the wrong machine, almost on behalf of the yield of failure. “ITRI analyst Wang Mengjie so.
film and polysilicon how to choose?
So, in order to solve the problem of thin film solar equipment on the innate threshold, Tsai decided to invest in old colleagues refined Yao; fine Yao developed thin-film devices, to ensure that the end of TSMC Section thin film solar plant commenced successfully caught the thin film solar industry opportunities to shorten the learning curve of the TSMC investment in the field of thin-film solar.
In addition, TSMC through its venture capital stake in American Stion the Stion authorized, transfer of CIGS process technology to TSMC TSMC is the quick access to key technology , opened in the new field of competition behind.
curious about the outside world, is the uncertain future of thin film solar cells, the industry recognized that the cost of thin film batteries still higher than the silicon cells, thin film battery warranty period, no concrete cases can prove ” The thin film battery development hindered. Why Tsai insisted on spending lots of money invested?
polycrystalline silicon cells, the main material of polysilicon, the price from the third quarter of 2008, $ 500 per kg price, dropped to U.S. $ 50 per kilogram last year, a drop of 90%; associated polysilicon battery price also significantly cut down the polysilicon battery is about $ 1.3 per watt, price competitiveness is far more than the film.
basic compared to polycrystalline silicon cells can guarantee that the period of use for two decades, most of the customers for thin-film battery is guaranteed two decades are still doubts, which also hampers the film battery market footsteps. And TSMC already stake in Motech, mastered the production of polycrystalline silicon cells, in this opportunity, TSMC Why choose at this time, cut into thin film solar cells?
TSMC thinking is still in the long-term investment “and” end-use markets to consider. ” A venture capital industry, said the solar cell products, and ultimately still must return to the physical properties of polycrystalline silicon solar technology is mature, the general conversion rate has reached more than 16%, but can not be denied that the limits of the conversion rate is also 20 per cent.
In addition, the polycrystalline silicon cells must be in strong sunshine can give full play, the Scandinavian low-intensity sunlight countries, is not suitable for the use of polycrystalline silicon cells.
contrary to thin film batteries, although the production technology is not mature, but the physical limit is much higher than that of polycrystalline silicon cells, the conversion rate of the laboratory has already exceeded 20%; and low sunshine can also use light Yutong even the development of power generation technology in the moonlight brightness.
but relative to the market more mature film solar technology, such as silicon thin film can do 4210% conversion rate, but the TSMC why choose the more difficult CIGS thin film, Yu- through the chairman Cai Jinyao bluntly: “TSMC do not do me too usiness.” Cai Jinyao analysis, similar to the process of the silicon thin film TFT LCD, if the Friends of Compiling into the film definitely has the ability to enhance the TFT process: “If TSMC take the silicon thin-film process, it is difficult after the latecomer in time for AUO in TSMC position, we need to do on the need to do in Taiwan and the world first, so it will challenge the CIGS thin film of this difficult technology.
was established in 2006, Stion, annual production capacity of five million watts, is indeed not a long-established firms in the industry, ITRI analyst Wangmeng Jie said: “the Stion founders of the technical background is similar to the Solar Frontier are CIGS clock-related background. “Solar Frontier is a few in the world energy production of CIGS thin film solar company, but Stion technology catching up with the Solar, Frontier, and the industry to have reservations about.

The TSMC force aimed at the film field

Business community June 28, 2010 June 28, 2010 News the Xuchang Xi Kete Limited
a few days ago, the world largest independent semiconductor foundry company Taiwan plot power announced a cooperation with the U.S. thin-film solar cell module plant Stion, and spend $ 50 million investment Stion, about 21% of the shares.
Under the agreement, Stion will license and transfer its thin-film CIGS process to TSMC, TSMC to provide a certain number of solar modules to Stion; two sides will also jointly develop and strengthen the thin-film solar battery technology.
cast Jiang Qian, the principal investigator of the new energy industry consultant, pointed out that the announced cooperation with the U.S. thin-film solar cell module plant Stion has been nearly a year, TSMC in the field of photovoltaic force, which is also consistent with the overall development trend of the global solar photovoltaic industry. Jiang Qian said that the world financial crisis, many large companies are added or expanded investment in the field of solar photovoltaic, including Westinghouse Electric, Intel, Alstom, Nokia Siemens, General Electric and so on. Large enterprises have entered the description of the solar PV so that a sunrise industry has attracted the attention of all walks of life. For businesses, means that its development strategy to expand; for the solar photovoltaic industry, it means that the development of a greater impetus.
Jiang Qian pointed out that at the end of 2009 compared to approximately $ 193 million to obtain solar-cell factory Motech 20% of equity, TSMC cooperation with the United States Stion sucked the focus of attention turned to the CIGS the field of thin film solar cells. In addition, the two sides will also jointly develop and strengthen the thin film solar cell technology, TSMC, the investment is not a short-term behavior, which will be the development of CIGS thin film solar play a great role.
Investment Adviser Industry Research Center data show that the global CIGS thin film solar cell production capacity of more than 660MW in 2009, the actual output of about 180MW, an increase of over 300%, showing a good momentum of development.
Jiang Qian pointed out that, so far, the conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells are still much higher than the various types of thin film solar cells is obvious, but its cost is relatively high. CIGS thin film solar cells to flourish, is the industry have been guaranteed an attempt to seek cost and conversion efficiency, the industry as a whole to move forward a performance, and this is the TSMC and other large enterprises where the confidence in this area.

TSMC fast layout was built by the end of the CIGS solar plant

text / Investment Advisor in the
Following the June 16 announced cooperation with the U.S. thin-film solar cell module manufacturer Stion, and spend $ 50 million investment Stion of about 21% stake in TSMC new business unit general manager Cai to exercise in June 21, TSMC before the end of 2010 in the Branch construction copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar plant.
TSMC announced the cooperation with the United States Stion, Jiang Qian pointed out that, in addition to about 21% of the shares in TSMC $ 50 million investment in Stion, the principal investigator of the Investment Advisor in the new energy industry, both sides will work together to develop, strengthen the thin film solar cell technology, the description of the investment in TSMC is not a short-term behavior.
TSMC announced before the end of 2010, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar plant built in the Division confirmed the judgment in a timely manner. Stion as well as their R

jQuery entry

July 21, 2010
Jquery learn the first time today to learn Jquery pass long time said that this technology, boring research, the main learning content as follows: 1. Install
2. Hello World
3. Use the selection and event
4. Jquery constructor
5. jQuery bind, log off, the trigger event
6. jQuery chain code
7. jQuery of the Ajax
8. jQuery – The Animation 1. Install
download the following address:
jQuery Starterkit
2. Hello World
the Dom load start time: click on a link to the implementation of the click event: $ (“a”) is a jquery selector (selector), and here, it is all a label.
$ is an alias for the jQuery “class”, so the $ () construct a new Jquery object. Function click jquery object method, which bind a click event to all of the selected label (in this case is a label).
above code like the following code: 3. Use the selection and event
jQuery provides two modes to choose html Elements.
a Css and XPath selectors together to form a string to spread the jQuery constructor (eg: $ (“div> ul”));
< br /> The second method (method) jQuery object for a few. Both methods can also unite the mix.
Mouse out of style switch, but only the last work: each onXXXX events, such as onclick, onchange for the onsubmit, etc., are jQuery equivalent representations of the method. Changed XXXX removed on.
iterative elements: find () conditions query the selected element, so $ (“# orderedlist). find (the” li “) is like $ (” the # orderedlist li “). iterations each () method in all li and can do more processing on this basis.
form data recharge: the above is only a form, if there is more than one form, then you can do it like this: do not want certain elements to be selected. jQuery provides filter () and not () method to solve this problem. to reduce
filter () to filter expression does not meet the selection;
not () is used to cancel the filter expression is selected.
not () usage: used as a filter in the sub-elements and attributes, for example, you may want to choose the link with the name attribute: this code, the page with the name attribute of the label, font color is red. Note: here / / original “$ (” a [@ the name] “). Background (” # eee “); jQuery1.2 and above, the @ symbol should be removed, the background method css ways to replace
selector used to select sub-elements or filter element. There is a choice of one or the next element. Or click on stealth, display. Specific code as follows: $ (“# faq”). The find (“# dd”). Hide () ;/ / Find the faq performance of the element with id id dd elements set to hide.
$ (“# faq”). the find (“# dd”). hide () end (); / / end can continue to find the can re behind the query.
$ (this) the next (); / / Find the next element of the peers
answer.slideUp; and answer.slideDown (); is the height of the upper and lower stretching.
In addition to select the elements of the same level, you can choose the elements of the parent level, for example, when mouse over a link, its parent element for a period of highlight, as follows: in the study inheritance before, we first take a look at this step: jQuery to make the code shorter and thus easier to understand and maintain, the following is the $ (document). abbreviation of ready (callback) method: 4. The Jquery constructor
Jquery of constructor accepts four types of parameters:
ljQuery (expression, context)
ljQuery (html)
,

ljQuery (fn),,, the
ljQuery, (elements)
The first expression (ID, the DOM element names, CSS expressions, XPath expressions to) “ul> li: first” ul> li said all located in ul li element (CSS expressions, XPath approach can be used ul / li),
: first, said the first one.
addClass () jQuery object used to add the function of the CSS style class, the opposite function removeClass ().
5. jQuery bindings, canceled, triggering events
binding events: cancellation of the event: trigger events: Other: $ (“button: first”). the trigger ( lick ; triggerHandler () – Trigger certain types of events, but does not trigger a default event processing logic, such as a directional.
$ (“input”). triggerHandler (“focus”);
one () – binding event can only be triggered once the process.
$ (“div”). one (“click”, function () {
});
ready () / click ( ) / change () / the toggle (fn, fn) / the dblclick () … shortcut to a variety of regular events, xxx (fn) for binding handler xxx () to trigger events
< br /> jQuery 1.2 event support namespaces
$ (“div”). the bind (“click”, function () {alert (“hello”);});
$ (“div”). bind (“click.plugin”, function () {alert (“goodbye”);});
$ (“div”). trigger ( “click!”); / / alert (“hello”) only
6. jQuery chain code
jQuery is another very a pleasant place, the general code line by line to write jQuery code string of a string to write. $ (“
< input type = utton value = how / hide text /> “). appendTo ($ ( ody ); $ (” input [type = utton "). eq (0). click ( function () {alert ( ou clicked me! ;}). end (). eq (1). click (function () {$ ("input [type = utton "). eq (0) . trigger ( lick ;}). end (). eq (2). click (function () {$ ("input [type = utton "). eq (0). unbind ( lick );}). end (). eq (3). toggle (function () {$ ( panel . hide ( low ;}, function () {$ ( panel . show ( low ;}); jQuery of the Ajax the jQuery Ajax provides a very rich support basic undoubtedly the $ ajax (), by different parameters, this method can be recorded live to support a variety of Ajax applications scene.
$ ajax usage is commonly used as follows:
the load (): directly to the Ajax request results as the content of the jQuery object
$. the get ( ): Use the get request.
$. a post (): presented with post.
ajaxStart () / ajaxComplete () / ajaxError () ....: global ajax events response.
set indicator: jQuery get request: jQuery the Post request: 8. jQuery - The Animation
the jQuery direct a variety of animation, is packaged as a variety of methods, such as show () / hide () / slideDown () / the fadeIn () and so on.
should belong to the most flexible animate (params, duration,], [easing], [callback]) method, which params for the animation of the run results for a variety of style properties, jQuery in duration within the specified time, the gradient of the current state of the object specified in the params parameter values. Parameters can also be some relative data:

« Older Entries    Newer Entries »